Objective
Liver fibrosis has been found to increase the mechanical stiffness of the liver. To
mimic different stages of liver fibrosis, commercially available phantoms (Model 039,
CIRS, Inc.) have been produced for clinical quality assurance and research purposes.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the mechanical property variability of
the phantoms in two lots of CIRS Model 039 phantoms.
Methods
Each lot consisted of phantoms of four stiffness types, and there were 8–10 phantoms
of each type. Shear wave elastography measurements were conducted on each phantom
at 10 different angles. Group velocity measurements and phase velocity curves were
calculated for every SWE acquisition. Multilevel functional principal component analysis
(MFPCA) was performed on phase velocity data, which decomposes each phase velocity
curve into the sum of eigenfunctions of two levels. The variance of the component
scores of levels 1 and 2 were used to represent inter-phantom and intra-phantom variability,
respectively. The 95% confidence intervals of phase velocity in a phantom type were
calculated to reflect curve variability.
Discussion
The standard deviations of the group velocity for phantoms of any type were less than
0.04 and 0.02 m/s for lots 1 and 2, respectively. For both lots, in every type, the
phase velocity curves of most individual phantoms fall within the 95% confidence interval.
Conclusion
MFPCA is an effective tool for analyzing the inter- and intra-phantom variability
of phase velocity curves. Given the known variability of a fully tested lot, estimation
of the variability of a new lot can be performed with a reduced number of phantoms
tested.
Keywords
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Article info
Publication history
Published online: January 21, 2023
Accepted:
December 22,
2022
Received in revised form:
December 12,
2022
Received:
August 1,
2022
Publication stage
In Press Corrected ProofIdentification
Copyright
© 2022 World Federation for Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology. All rights reserved.
