Abstract
This study investigated induction of pulmonary capillary hemorrhage (PCH) in neonatal
pigs (piglets) using three different machines: a GE Venue R1 point-of-care system
with C1-5 and L4-12t probes, a GE Vivid 7 Dimension with a 7L probe and a SuperSonic
Imagine machine with an SL15-4 probe and shear wave elastography (SWE). Female piglets
were anesthetized, and each was mounted vertically in a warm bath for scanning at
two or three intercostal spaces. After aiming at an innocuous output, the power was
raised for a test exposure. Hydrophone measurements were used to calculate in situ values of mechanical index (MIIS). Inflated lungs were removed and scored for PCH area. For the C1-5 probe at 50%
and 100% acoustical output (AO), a PCH threshold of 0.53 MIIS was obtained by linear regression (r2 = 0.42). The L4-12t probe did not induce PCH, but the 7L probe induced zones of PCH
in the scan planes. The Venue R1 automated B-line tool applied with the C1-5 probe
did not detect PCH induced by the C1-5 probe as B-line counts. However, when PCH induced
by C1-5 and 7L exposures were subsequently scanned with the L4-12t probe using the
automated tool, B-lines were counted in association with the PCH. The SWE induced
PCH at push-pulse positions for 3, 30 and 300 s of SWE with PCH accumulating at 0.33
mm2/s and an exponential rise to a maximum of 18.4 mm2 (r2 = 0.61). This study demonstrated the induction of PCH by LUS of piglets, and supports
the safety recommendation for use of MIs <0.4 in neonatal LUS.
Key Words
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Article info
Publication history
Published online: August 24, 2022
Accepted:
June 24,
2022
Received in revised form:
June 23,
2022
Received:
May 18,
2022
Identification
Copyright
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