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Address correspondence to: David Bennett, Respiratory Diseases Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University Hospital of Siena (Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, AOUS), Viale Bracci, 16 – 53100 Siena, Italy.
Diagnostic and Interventional Bronchoscopy Unit, Cardio-Thoracic and Vascular Department, University Hospital of Siena (Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, AOUS), Siena, Italy
Respiratory Diseases Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University Hospital of Siena (Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, AOUS), Siena, ItalyDepartment of Medical, Surgical and Neurological Sciences, University of Siena, Italy
Department of Medical, Surgical and Neurological Sciences, University of Siena, ItalyDiagnostic Imaging Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University Hospital of Siena (Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, AOUS), Siena, Italy
Department of Medical, Surgical and Neurological Sciences, University of Siena, ItalyDiagnostic Imaging Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University Hospital of Siena (Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, AOUS), Siena, Italy
Department of Medical, Surgical and Neurological Sciences, University of Siena, ItalyDEA and Transplant Anesthesia and Resuscitation Unit, Department of Emergency-Urgency and Transplantation, University Hospital of Siena (Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, AOUS), Siena, Italy
Clinical-Surgical Cardiology Unit, Radiological Sciences Department, University Hospital of Siena (Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, AOUS), Siena, Italy
Department of Medical, Surgical and Neurological Sciences, University of Siena, ItalyDEA and Transplant Anesthesia and Resuscitation Unit, Department of Emergency-Urgency and Transplantation, University Hospital of Siena (Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, AOUS), Siena, Italy
Department of Medical, Surgical and Neurological Sciences, University of Siena, ItalyRheumatology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University Hospital of Siena (Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, AOUS), Siena, Italy
Respiratory Diseases Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University Hospital of Siena (Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, AOUS), Siena, ItalyDepartment of Medical, Surgical and Neurological Sciences, University of Siena, Italy
Ultrasound imaging of the lung (LUS) and associated tissues has demonstrated clinical utility in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the possibilities of a portable pocket-sized ultrasound scanner in the evaluation of lung involvement in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia. We conducted 437 paired readings in 34 LUS evaluations of hospitalized individuals with COVID-19. The LUS scans were performed on the same day with a standard high-end ultrasound scanner (Venue GO, GE Healthcare, Chicago, IL, USA) and a pocket-sized ultrasound scanner (Butterfly iQ, Butterfly Network Inc., Guilford, CT, USA). Fourteen scans were performed on individuals with severe cases, 11 on individuals with moderate cases and nine on individuals with mild cases. No difference was observed between groups in days since onset of symptoms (23.29 ± 10.07, 22.91 ± 8.91 and 28.56 ± 11.13 d, respectively; p = 0.38). No significant differences were found between LUS scores obtained with the high-end and the portable pocket-sized ultrasound scanner. LUS scores in individuals with mild respiratory impairment were significantly lower than in those with moderate and severe cases. Our study confirms the possibilities of portable pocket-sized ultrasound imaging of the lung in COVID-19 patients. Portable pocket-sized ultrasound scanners are cheap, easy to handle and equivalent to standard scanners for non-invasive assessment of severity and dynamic observation of lung lesions in COVID-19 patients.
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), emerged in China in December 2019 and quickly spread all over the globe. The clinical features are fever, dyspnea, dry cough, fatigue and diarrhea (
). Interstitial pneumonia is very common, and a high percentage of patients (9%–11%) develop severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and require intensive care (
). The current therapeutic strategy involves agents counteracting viral invasion and replication, and inhibitors of cytokine-sustained inflammatory reactions. No specific antiviral therapy has yet been identified (
Ultrasound imaging of the lung (LUS) is a promising technique in many acute and chronic parenchymal conditions that determine interstitial syndrome. These include cardiogenic and non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema, ARDS, interstitial pulmonary fibrosis and a variety of conditions determining lung consolidations, such as pneumonia and lung cancer (
). In COVID-19 patients, it has demonstrated clinical utility, owing to the typical sonographic characteristics of affected lungs, for providing indications for clinical decisions and the management of associated respiratory failure and lung injury (
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the possibilities of a portable pocket-sized ultrasound scanner in evaluating lung involvement in individuals with COVID-19 pneumonia.
Materials and Methods
We conducted 34 LUS evaluations on patients admitted to the COVID Unit of Siena University Hospital with symptoms compatible with COVID-19, a positive SARS-CoV-2 nasal-pharyngeal swab and radiologic evidence of interstitial pneumonia.
The participants were divided into three severity categories based on respiratory impairment—mild: PaO2/FiO2 >300 in room air or oxygen flow; moderate: PaO2/FiO2 between 150 and 300 in room air or oxygen therapy, continuous positive airway pressure, non-invasive ventilation or high-flow nasal cannula; and severe: PaO2/FiO2 <150 on oxygen therapy, continuous positive airway pressure, non-invasive ventilation, high-flow nasal cannula or mechanical ventilation.
The LUS scans were performed on the same day with a high-end point-of-care ultrasound scanner (Venue GO, GE Healthcare, Chicago, IL, USA) and a pocket-sized ultrasound scanner (Butterfly iQ, Butterfly Network Inc., Guilford, CT, USA) for clinical purposes; the lung pre-set was used with both scanners. The portable pocket-sized ultrasound scanner we tested has a single silicon chip containing a 2-D array of 9000 capacitive micro-machined ultrasound transducers instead of the standard piezoelectric crystal-based transducers. The chip emulates curved, linear, or phased transducers at any time in M-mode, B-mode or color Doppler with a 2–30 cm scan depth (
Up to six regions of the chest were identified: anterosuperior (A), anteroinferior (B), lateral superior (C), lateral inferior (D), posterosuperior (E) and posteroinferior (F). One of four different aeration patterns was recorded according to a specific scoring system: A = 0 points (normal aeration, presence of lung sliding with A-lines or no more than two isolated B lines), B1 = 1 point (moderate loss of lung aeration, multiple well-defined B-lines), B2 = 2 points (severe loss of lung aeration, multiple coalescent B-lines) and C = 3 points (lung consolidation and tissue-like pattern). Pleural effusion and pneumothorax were also recorded. A score of 0 was normal, and 36 was the worst. Due to clinical conditions, the posterosuperior region (E) could not be explored in some participants, so the mean of the regions explored was calculated for the purposes of statistical analysis (total sum [0–36] divided by number of regions explored [five or six on each side]). Our step‐by‐step approach to LUS in COVID-19 patients was comparable to the COVID-19 lung ultrasound in emergency department protocol (
). Imaging was obtained by two different operators, both experts in lung ultrasound. The research was approved by the local ethics committee (OSS_REOS number 12908), and informed consent was obtained from each participant.
Statistical analysis
Student's t-test was used to compare pairs of groups, and analysis of variance to compare three or more groups, followed by the Holm–Sidak multiple comparisons test when the former was significant. Normal distribution of data was checked using the D'Agostino–Pearson test (command “sktest” in Stata). The presence and possible sources of systematic bias between the two instruments were investigated in the complete data set of the individual readings at 12 thoracic locations in each participant. We used multilevel mixed-effects linear regression models with the difference in score on the same thoracic location (Butterfly) as the outcome variable, changes in vertical level of the thoracic location (high vs. low), side (right vs. left), horizontal level (anterior, lateral, posterior) and severity as fixed-effect variables and participant as a random-effect variable.
The primary outcome of the study was the assessment of the bias and limits of agreement between the total participant scores obtained with the two instruments, computed with the Bland–Altman method (
), we computed five different parameters: Pearson correlation coefficient, intra-class correlation coefficient, Lin concordance correlation coefficient, Liao improved concordance correlation coefficient and Cohen κ measure of agreement (
), assuming a mean difference in total score of 1 ± 1, a false positive rate (α) of 0.05 and a false negative rate of 0.1 (β = 0.9). The analyses were performed with Stata for Windows version 16 (Stata Corp., Texas College, TX, USA), except for the Liao improved concordance correlation coefficient (“AgreementInterval” package of R) and power estimation (Medcalc 19.3.1, MedCalc Software Ltd., Ostend, Belgium). A level of p ≤ 0.05 for a two-tailed distribution was considered statistically significant.
Results
The 34 paired LUS scans on 18 COVID-19 patients (14 male and 4 female; age at presentation, 77.6 ± 10.0 y) produced the following results. No difference in age was found between severity groups; 16/34 scans were performed in the severe group, 11 in the moderate group and 7 in the mild group. No difference was observed between groups in days since onset of symptoms (23.29 ± 10.07, 22.91 ± 8.91 and 28.56 ± 11.13 d, respectively; p = 0.38).
When assessed on the full data set of 437 paired readings in 34 LUS scans, no significant differences were found between LUS scores obtained with the high-end and the portable pocket-sized ultrasound, with a mean difference in score of −0.018 ± 0.018 points (not significant). The score difference did not change significantly according to lung side (0.027 ± 0.032 points), vertical level (−0.041 ± 0.033 points) or clinical severity (0.013 ± 0.022 points per each level). A significant difference was found, however, between the two instruments according the horizontal location of the site, with the difference between the two instruments slightly but significantly greater on the posterior compared to the anterior side of the thorax (0.082 ± 0.021 points, p < 0.01).
Total average scores obtained with the two instruments were normally distributed, as was their difference. Average participant scores correlated with clinical severity (p < 0.001, Fig. 1).
Fig. 1Correlation of mean scores obtained with the two instruments, according to disease severity.
All the computed parameters showed an excellent degree of concordance between the two instruments (Table 1). The Bland–Altman plot is shown in Figure 2. The absolute level of bias computed with the Bland–Altman method was −0.016 (95% confidence interval [CI], −0.054 to 0.021), the lower limit of agreement was −0.227 (95% CI, −0.291 to −0.0162) and the upper limit of agreement was 0.194 (95% CI, 0.129–0.259)—much smaller than the minimum possible change of 1 point. Figure 3 give sample images of different severity grades of lung impairment obtained with the handheld scanner.
Table 1Correlation coefficients between total average scores
Fig. 3Sample images of different grades of severity of lung impairment obtained with the handheld ultrasound scanner. (a) Normal aeration, presence of A-lines or no more than two isolated B-lines; (b) moderate loss of lung aeration, multiple well-defined B-lines; (c) severe loss of lung aeration, multiple coalescent B-lines; (d) lung consolidation and tissue-like pattern.
). It is safe, repeatable, radiation-free and economical, and can be used at the point of care. Here we evaluated the possibilities of a portable pocket-sized ultrasound scanner in COVID-19 patients with pneumonia.
We included a cohort of COVID-19 patients who were hospitalized with respiratory failure of different severities. All were scanned with a standard high-end ultrasound scanner and a portable pocket-sized ultrasound scanner.
The results of the portable scanner were practically identical to those of the high-end scanner in assessing lung interstitial syndrome according the bedside lung ultrasound in emergency protocol (
): Bland–Altman bias was found to be close to zero, with very narrow limits of agreement, and all the other parameters of concordance were in the range of substantial or excellent agreement. Furthermore, no systematic bias was observed with disease severity or anatomic site of analysis, except for a statistically significant but practically negligible difference on the posterior side of the thorax, possibly a spurious finding.
Due to its easy handling and dynamic nature, LUS is increasingly used in clinical settings, especially in critical care (
). Point-of-care ultrasound has great possibilities in many branches of medicine, especially emergency and critical care, where it can be invaluable in the safe management of COVID-19, since it allows concomitant clinical examination and lung imaging at the bedside by the same doctor (
). An observational study—the CORonavirus (COVID-19) Diagnostic Lung UltraSound Study (COR-DLUS; ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT04351802)—is currently ongoing. The study is designed to assess whether focused LUS examination can improve the diagnosis of COVID-19 lung disease or make an alternative diagnosis at a person's initial hospital presentation.
In our study, we also found a statistically significant correlation between portable-scanner findings and disease severity, confirming previous reports of 68.8%, 77.8% and 100.0% sensitivity, 85.7%, 76.2% and 92.9% specificity and 76.7%, 76.7% and 93.3% diagnostic accuracy in detecting mild, moderate and severe lung lesions, respectively (
The main limitations of our study were its retrospective nature, preventing analysis of the effect of the order of measurements with the two instruments and the effect of different observers (both can be considered to have been random, but there was no systematic protocol), and the limited number of participants undergoing imaging; however, a considerable number of lung scans were analyzed and clearly demonstrated, for the first time, that the performances of the portable and high-end scanners were interchangeable. The use of portable ultrasound devices has increased in recent years, creating a flourishing market. A big advantage of portable devices is time saved at the bedside and in pre-hospital situations; limits are battery duration, narrow field of vision and low penetration (
). In COVID-19 patients, these devices could be of help for triage and in providing instant and objective information on the severity of the disease, and they may avoid the need for further imaging in individuals with mild cases. However, findings are not specific and may not correlate with clinical outcomes, and qualified operators are necessary; combination with clinical and physiologic data is strongly recommended. The utility of portable devices has been argued by several authors (
), but this is the first study providing a demonstration of their use in daily clinical practice with COVID-19 patients.
In conclusion, our study confirms the possibilities of portable ultrasound imaging of the lung in COVID-19 patients. Portable pocket-sized ultrasound scanners are cheap, easy to handle and equivalent to standard scanners for non-invasive assessment of severity and dynamic observation of lung lesions in COVID-19 patients with pneumonia. These ultrasound scanners can play a decisive role when health care resources are scarce, during pandemics and in emergency situations, such as the present COVID-19 outbreak.
Conflict of interest disclosure
The authors declare no competing interests.
References
Bland J.M.
Altman D.G.
Statistical methods for assessing agreement between two methods of clinical measurement.
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