Abstract
The majority of exchanges of oxygen and nutrients are performed around vessels smaller
than 100 μm, allowing cells to thrive everywhere in the body. Pathologies such as
cancer, diabetes and arteriosclerosis can profoundly alter the microvasculature. Unfortunately,
medical imaging modalities only provide indirect observation at this scale. Inspired
by optical microscopy, ultrasound localization microscopy has bypassed the classic
compromise between penetration and resolution in ultrasonic imaging. By localization
of individual injected microbubbles and tracking of their displacement with a subwavelength
resolution, vascular and velocity maps can be produced at the scale of the micrometer.
Super-resolution ultrasound has also been performed through signal fluctuations with
the same type of contrast agents, or through switching on and off nano-sized phase-change
contrast agents. These techniques are now being applied pre-clinically and clinically
for imaging of the microvasculature of the brain, kidney, skin, tumors and lymph nodes.
Key Words
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Article info
Publication history
Published online: January 20, 2020
Accepted:
November 20,
2019
Received in revised form:
November 17,
2019
Received:
August 4,
2019
Footnotes
The authors' names are listed alphabetically
Identification
Copyright
© 2020 Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of World Federation for Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology.
