Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology
Volume 36, Issue 10 , Pages 1568-1580 , October 2010

Broadband Reduction of the Second Harmonic Distortion During Nonlinear Ultrasound Wave Propagation

  • Mirza Pasovic

      Affiliations

    • CREATIS-LRMN, Université de Lyon, INSA-Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France
    • THORAXCENTER, Department of Biomedical Engineering Ee2302, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
    • Corresponding Author InformationAddress correspondence to: Mirza Pasovic, University of Lyon, CREATIS-LRMN, Bat. Blaise Pascal, 7, Avenue Jean Capelle, 69621 Villeurbanne cedex, France.
  • ,
  • Mike Danilouchkine

      Affiliations

    • THORAXCENTER, Department of Biomedical Engineering Ee2302, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
  • ,
  • Guillaume Matte

      Affiliations

    • THORAXCENTER, Department of Biomedical Engineering Ee2302, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
  • ,
  • Antonius F.W. van der Steen

      Affiliations

    • THORAXCENTER, Department of Biomedical Engineering Ee2302, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
  • ,
  • Olivier Basset

      Affiliations

    • CREATIS-LRMN, Université de Lyon, INSA-Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France
  • ,
  • Nico de Jong

      Affiliations

    • THORAXCENTER, Department of Biomedical Engineering Ee2302, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
  • ,
  • Christian Cachard

      Affiliations

    • CREATIS-LRMN, Université de Lyon, INSA-Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France

Received 9 October 2009 ,Revised 20 May 2010 ,Accepted 13 June 2010.

References 

  1. Bekeredjian R, Grayburn PA, Shohet RV. Use of ultrasound contrast agents for gene or drug delivery in cardiovascular medicine. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;45:329–335
  2. Beyer R. Nonlinear acoustics. New York Acoust Soc Am. 1997;
  3. Blackstock DT. Foundamental of physical acoustics. Malden, MA: Wiley-Interscience; 2000;
  4. Borsboom J, Chin CT, Bouakaz A, Versluis M, de Jong N. Harmonic chirp imaging method for ultrasound contrast agent. IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelectr Freq Control. 2005;52:241–249
  5. Bouakaz A, De Jong N, Cachard C. Standard properties of ultrasound contrast agents. Ultrasound Med Biol. 1998;24:469–472
  6. Bouakaz A, Krenning B, Vletter W, ten Cate F, de Jong N. Imaging contrast agent and tissue at higher harmonics. IEEE Ultrasonics Symopsium. 2002;2:1981–1984
  7. Bouakaz A, ten Cate F, de Jong N. A new ultrasonic transducer for improved contrast nonlinear imaging. Phys Med Biol. 2004;49:3515–3525
  8. Burns PN. Harmonic imaging with ultrasound contrast agents. Clin Radiol. 1996;51(Suppl 1):50–55
  9. Caliano G, Carotenuto R, Cianci E, Foglietti V, Caronti A, Iula A, et al. Design, fabrication and characterization of a capacitive micromachined ultrasonic probe for medical imaging. IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelectr Freq Control. 2005;52:2259–2269
  10. Chen CH. Ultrasonic and advanced methods for nondestructive testing and material characterization. Hackensack, NJ: World Scientific Publishing Company; 2007;
  11. Christopher PT, Parker KJ. New approaches to nonlinear diffractive field propagation. J Acoust Soc Amer. 1991;90:488–499
  12. Christopher T. Source prebiasing for improved second harmonic bubble responce imagging. IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelectr Freq Control. 1999;46:556–563
  13. Cobbold R. Foundations of biomedical ultrasound. Cary, NC: Oxford University Press; 2007;
  14. Couture O, Aubry JF, Montaldo G, Tanter M, Fink M. Suppression of tissue harmonics for pulse-inversion contrast imaging using time reversal. Phys Med Biol. 2008;53:5469–5480
  15. de Jong N, Cornet R, Lancée CT. Higher harmonics of vibrating gas-filled microspheres. Part one: Simulation. Ultrasonics. 1994;32:447–453
  16. de Jong N, Cornet R, Lancée CT. Higher harmonics of vibrating gas-filled microspheres. Part two: Measurements. Ultrasonics. 1994;32:455–459
  17. de Jong N, Frinking P, Bouakaz A, ten Cate FJ. Detection procedures of ultrasound contrast agents. Ultrasonics. 2000;38:87–92
  18. Deng CX, Lizzi FL, Silverman RH, Ursea R, Coleman DJ. Imaging and spectrum analysis of contrast agents in the in vivo rabbit eye using very-high-frequency ultrasound. Ultrasound Med Biol. 1998;24:383–394
  19. Dursun S, Varslot T, Johansen T, Angelsen B, Torp H. Fast 3d simulation of 2nd harmonic ultrasound field from arbitrary transducer geometries. IEEE Ultrason Symp. 2005;4:1964–1967
  20. Ferrara K, Pollard R, Borden M. Ultrasound microbubble contrast agents: Fundamentals and application to gene and drug delivery. Ann Rev Biomed Eng. 2007;9:415–447
  21. Frinking P, de Jong N. Modeling of ultrasound contrast agents. IEEE Ultrason Symp. 1997;2:1601–1604
  22. Hamilton MF. Nonlinear acoustics. New York: Academic Press; 1997;
  23. Hamilton MF, Tjøtta JN, Tjøtta S. Nonlinear effects in the farfield of a directive sound source. J Acoust Soc Am. 1985;78:202–216
  24. Hart TS, Hamilton MF. Nonlinear effects in focused sound beams. J Acoust Soc Am. 1988;84:1488–1496
  25. Humphrey VF. Nonlinear propagation in ultrasonic fields: measurements, modelling and harmonic imaging. Ultrasonics. 2000;38:267–272
  26. Kameda M, Matsumoto Y. Nonlinear oscillation of a spherical gas bubble in acoustic fields. Acoust Soc Am. 1999;106:3156–3166
  27. Kharin NA, Vince GD. Moderately nonlinear ultrasound propagation in blood-mimicking fluid. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2004;30:501–509
  28. Kirkhorn J, Frinking PJA, de Jong N, Torp H. Three-stage approach to ultrasound contrast detection. IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelectr Freq Control. 2001;48:1013–1022
  29. Krishnan KB, Thomenius KE. Improved contrast ultrasound with tissue harmonic minimizing pulse. IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelectr Freq Control. 2008;55:249–253
  30. Krishnan S, Hamilton JD, O'Donnell M. Suppression of propagating second harmonic in non-linear imaging. IEEE Ultrason Symp. 1997;2:1567–1570
  31. Krishnan S, Hamilton JD, O'Donnell M. Suppression of propagating second harmonic in ultrasound contrast imaging. IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelectr Freq Control. 1998;45:704–711
  32. Kuznetsov V. Equation of nonlinear acoustics. Sov Phys Acoust. 1970;16:749–768
  33. Landsberger BJ, Hamilton MF. Second-harmonic generation in sound beams reflected from, and transmitted through, immersed elastic solids. J Acoust Soc Am. 2001;109:488–500
  34. Lee YS, Hamilton MF. Time-domain modeling of pulsed finite-amplitude sound beams. J Acoust Soc Am. 1995;97:906–917
  35. Lohfink A, Eccardt PC. Investigation of nonlinear cmut behavior. IEEE Ultrason Symp. 2005;1:585–588
  36. Lohfink A, Eccardt PC. Linear and nonlinear equivalent circuit modeling of cmuts. IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelectr Freq Control. 2005;52:2163–2172
  37. Novell A, Legros M, Felix N, Bouakaz A. Exploitation of capacitive micromachined transducers for nonlinear ultrasound imaging. IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelectr Freq Control. 2009;56:2733–2743
  38. Porter TR, Li S, Kricsfeld D, Armbruster RW. Detection of myocardial perfusion in multiple echocardiographic windows with one intravenous injection of microbubbles using transient response second harmonic imaging. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1997;29:791–799
  39. Ramon M, Jorge G, Salazar A. Detectionof nonlinearities caused by bubbles in ultrasonics signals. Thirteenth Eurpopean Signal Processing conference, Antaly, Turkey. September 4–8, 2005.
  40. Schwarz KQ, Chen X, Steinmetz S, Phillips D. Harmonic imaging with Levovist. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 1997;10:1–10
  41. Shankar PM, Krishna PD, Newhouse VL. Advantages of subharmonic over second harmonic backscatter for contrast-to-tissue echo enhancement. Ultrasound Med Biol. 1998;24:395–399
  42. Shen CC, Hsieh YC. Optimal transmit phasing on tissue background suppression in contrast harmonic imaging. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2008;34:1820–1831
  43. Shen CC, Li PC. Harmonic leakage and image quality degradation in tissue harmonic imaging. IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelectr Freq Control. 2001;48:728–736
  44. Shen CC, Li PC. Tissue harmonic image analysis based on spatial covariance. IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelectr Freq Control. 2001;48:1648–1656
  45. Shen CC, Li PC. Pulse-inversion-based fundamental imaging for contrast detection. IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelectr Freq Control. 2003;50:1124–1133
  46. Shen CC, Wang YC, Hsieh YC. A feasibility study of tissue harmonic generation with 3f0 transmit phasing. IEEE Ultrason Symp. 2007;1748–1751
  47. Shen CC, Wang YC, Hsieh YC. Third harmonic transmit phasing for tissue harmonic generation. IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelectr Freq Control. 2007;54:1370–1381
  48. Shi WT, Forsberg F, Raichlen JS, Needleman L, Goldberg BB. Pressure dependence of subharmonic signals from contrast microbubbles. Ultrasound Med Biol. 1999;25:275–283
  49. Simpson DH, Chin CT, Burns PN. Pulse inversion Doppler: A new method for detecting nonlinear echoes from microbubble contrast agents. IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelectr Freq Control. 1999;46:372–382
  50. Szabo TL. Time domain wave equations for lossy media obeying a frequency power law. J Acoust Soc Am. 1994;96:491–500
  51. Tanter M, Thomas JL, Fink M. Time reversal and the inverse filter. J Acoust Soc Am. 2000;108:223–234
  52. Teirlinck CJ, Bezemer RA, Kollmann C, Lubbers J, Hoskins PR, Ramnarine KV, et al. Development of an example flow test object and comparison of five of these test objects, constructed in various laboratories. Ultrasonics. 1998;36:653–660
  53. Uhlendorf V, Hoffman C. Nonlinear acoustical response of coated microbubbles in diagnostic ultrasound. IEEE Ultrason Symp. 1994;2:1559–1562
  54. van Neer PL, Matte G, Danilouchkine MG, Prins C, van den Adel F, de Jong N. Super harmonic imaging: Development of an interleaved phased array transducer. IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelectr Freq Control. 2010;57:455–468
  55. van Neer PLMJ, Matte G, Sijl J, Borsboom JMG, de Jong N. Transfer functions of us transducers for harmonic imaging and bubble responses. Ultrasonics. 2007;46:336–340
  56. Verbeek X, Ledoux LAF, Willigers JM, Brands PJ, Hoeks APG. Experimental investigation of the pulse inversion technique for imaging ultrasound contrast agents. J Acoust Soc Am. 2000;107:2281–2290
  57. Vignon F, Aubry JF, Tanter M, et al. Dual-arrays brain imaging prototype: Experimental in vitro results. IEEE Ultrason Symp. 2005;1:504–507
  58. Voormolen M. 3D harmonic echocardiography [PhD thesis]. Rotterdam: Erasmus University; 2007;
  59. Wear K. The effects of frequency-dependent attenuation and dispersion on sound speed measurements: Applications in human trabecular bone. IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelectr Freq Control. 2000;47:265–273
  60. Yang X, Cleveland R. Time domain simulation of nonlinear acoustic beams generated by rectangular pistons with application to harmonic imaging. J Acoust Soc Am. 2005;117:113–123
  61. Yeh CK, Su SY, Shen CC, Li ML. Dual high-frequency difference excitation for contrast detection. IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelectr Freq Control. 2008;55:2164–2176
  62. Zabolotskaya E, Khokhlov R. Quasi-plane waves in the nonlinear acoustics of confined beams. Sov Phys Acoust. 1969;15:35–40
  63. Zemp RJ, Tavakkoli J, Cobbold RSC. Modeling of nonlinear ultrasound propagation in tissue from array transducers. J Acoust Soc Am. 2003;113:139–152

PII: S0301-5629(10)00297-8

doi: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2010.06.006

Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology
Volume 36, Issue 10 , Pages 1568-1580 , October 2010