Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology
Volume 35, Issue 10 , Pages 1672-1678 , October 2009

The Effect of Back Reflections on the Acoustic Power Delivered by Physiotherapy Ultrasound Machines

  • Karne A. McBride

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationAddress correspondence to: Karne A. McBride, Department of Medical Physics, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, United Kingdom.
    • ,
  • Stephen D. Pye

Received 2 February 2009 ,Revised 30 April 2009 ,Accepted 18 May 2009.

References 

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  2. Guirro R, Britshcy Dos Santos SC. Evaluation of the acoustic intensity of new ultrasound therapy equipment. Ultrasonics. 2002;39:553–557
  3. Hekkenberg RT, Richards A, Beissner K, Zeqiri B, Bezemer RA, Hodnett M, et al. Transfer standard device to improve the traceable calibration of physiotherapy ultrasound machines. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2006;31:1423–1429
  4. International Electrotechnical Commission . IEC 60601-1-2-5: Ed 2.0: Medical Electrical Equipment, Part 2-5: Particular requirements for the safety of ultrasonic therapy equipment. Geneva, Switzerland: IEC; 2000;
  5. International Electrotechnical Commission . IEC 61157. Requirements for the declaration of the acoustic output of medical diagnostic ultrasonic equipment. Geneva, Switzerland: IEC; 1992;
  6. International Electrotechnical Commission . IEC 61161. Ultrasonic power measurements in liquids in the frequency range 0.5 MHz to 25MHz. Geneva, Switzerland: IEC; 1992;
  7. International Electrotechnical Commission . IEC 61689 Ultrasonics—Physiotherapy Systems—Performance requirements and methods of measurement in the frequency range 0.5 to 5 MHz. Geneva, Switzerland: IEC; 1996;
  8. Lunt MJ, Duck FA. Ultrasonic power balances-effect of a coupling window on the power measured from physiotherapy ultrasound units. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2001;27:1127–1132
  9. McBride KA. Medical Ultrasound: The effect of back reflections on the acoustic power delivered by physiotherapy ultrasound units [M.Sc. thesis]. University of Edinburgh, 2007.
  10. Pye SD, Milford C. The performance of ultrasound physiotherapy machines in Lothian region, Scotland, 1992. Ultrasound Med Biol. 1994;20:347–359
  11. Pye SD. Ultrasound therapy equipment—Does it perform?. Physiotherapy. 1996;82:39–44
  12. Pye SD, Zeqiri B. IPEM Report 84 Guidelines for the Testing and Calibration of Physiotherapy Ultrasound Machines. York: Institute of Physics and Engineering in Medicine; 2001;
  13. Repacholi MH, Benwell DA. Using surveys of ultrasound therapy devices to draft performance studies. Health Phys. 1979;36:679–686
  14. Stewart HF, Harris GR, Herman BA, et al. Survey of use and performance of ultrasonic therapy equipment in Pinellias County, Florida. Phys Ther. 1974;54:707–715
  15. Sutton Y, McBride K, Pye SD. An ultrasound mini-balance for measurement of therapy level ultrasound. Phys Med Biol. 2006;51:1145–1149
  16. Zeqiri B, Bickley CJ. A new anechoic material for medical ultrasonic applications. Ultrasound Med Biol. 1999;26:481–485

PII: S0301-5629(09)00234-8

doi: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2009.05.008

Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology
Volume 35, Issue 10 , Pages 1672-1678 , October 2009

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