Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology
Volume 33, Issue 1 , Pages 15-25 , January 2007

Transcranial brain parenchyma sonography in movement disorders: State of the art

  • Uwe Walter

      Affiliations

    • Department of Neurology, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
    • Corresponding Author InformationAddress for correspondence to: Dr. Uwe Walter, Department of Neurology, University of Rostock, Gehlsheimer Str. 20, D-18147 Rostock, Germany.
    • ,
  • Stefanie Behnke

      Affiliations

    • Department of Neurology, University of the Saarland, Homburg, Germany
    • ,
  • Jens Eyding

      Affiliations

    • Department of Neurology, St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
    • ,
  • Ludwig Niehaus

      Affiliations

    • Department of Neurology II, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
    • ,
  • Thomas Postert

      Affiliations

    • Department of Neurology, St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
    • Department of Neurology, St. Vincenz Hospital Paderborn, Paderborn, Germany
    • ,
  • Günter Seidel

      Affiliations

    • Department of Neurology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
    • ,
  • Daniela Berg

      Affiliations

    • Institute for Medical Genetics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
    • Hertie Institute for Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany

Received 8 March 2006 ,Revised 5 July 2006 ,Accepted 20 July 2006.

References 

  1. Bandmann O, Asmus F, Sibbing D, et al. Copper genes are not implicated in the pathogenesis of focal dystonia. Neurology. 2002;59:782–783
  2. Becker G, Berg D. Neuroimaging in basal ganglia disorders: Perspectives for transcranial ultrasound. Mov Disord. 2001;16:23–32
  3. Becker G, Struck M, Bogdahn U, Becker T. Echogenicity of the brainstem raphe in patients with major depression. Psychiatry Res. 1994;55:75–84
  4. Becker G, Seufert J, Bogdahn U, Reichmann H, Reiners K. Degeneration of substantia nigra in chronic Parkinson’s disease visualized by transcranial color-coded real-time sonography. Neurology. 1995;45:182–184
  5. Becker G, Becker T, Struck M, et al. Reduced echogenicity of brainstem raphe specific to unipolar depression: a transcranial color-coded real-time sonography study. Biol Psychiatry. 1995;38:180–184
  6. Becker T, Becker G, Seufert J, et al. Parkinson’s disease and depression: evidence for an alteration of the basal limbic system detected by transcranial sonography. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1997;63:590–596
  7. Becker G, Naumann M, Scheubeck M, et al. Comparison of transcranial sonography, magnetic resonance imaging, and single photon emission computed tomography findings in idiopathic spasmodic torticollis. Mov Disord. 1997;12:79–88
  8. Becker G, Berg D, Rausch WD, et al. Increased tissue copper and manganese content of the lentiform nucleus in primary adult-onset dystonia. Ann Neurol. 1999;46:260–263
  9. Becker G, Berg D, Francis M, Naumann M. Evidence for disturbances of copper metabolism in dystonia (From the image towards a new concept). Neurology. 2001;57:2290–2294
  10. Becker G, Berg D, Kruse N, et al. Evidence for shoulder girdle dystonia in selected patients with cervical disc prolapse. Mov Disord. 2002;17:710;––716
  11. Behnke S, Berg D, Naumann M, Becker G. Differentiation of Parkinson’s disease and atypical parkinsonian syndromes by transcranial ultrasound. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2005;76:423–425
  12. Berg D, Becker G, Zeiler B, et al. Vulnerability of the nigrostriatal system as detected by transcranial ultrasound. Neurology. 1999;53:1026–1031
  13. Berg D, Supprian T, Hofmann E, et al. Depression in Parkinson‘s disease: brainstem midline alteration on transcranial sonography and magnetic resonance imaging. J Neurol. 1999;246:1186–1193
  14. Berg D, Grote C, Rausch WD, et al. Iron accumulation of the substantia nigra in rats visualized by ultrasound. Ultrasound Med Biol. 1999;25:901–904
  15. Berg D, Hoggenmuller U, Hofmann E, et al. The basal ganglia in haemochromatosis. Neuroradiology. 2000;42:9–13
  16. Berg D, Naumann M, Hoggenmuller U, et al. Differences of echogenicity and T2 relaxation time of the nucleus lentiformis in MSA and PSP as compared to Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord. 2000;15(Suppl 3):206–207
  17. Berg D, Weishaupt A, Francis MJ, et al. Changes of copper transporting proteins and ceruloplasmin in the lentiform nuclei in primary adult-onset dystonia. Ann Neurol. 2000;47:827–830
  18. Berg D, Siefker C, Ruprecht-Dorfler P, Becker G. Relationship of substantia nigra echogenicity and motor function in elderly subjects. Neurology. 2001;56:13–17
  19. Berg D, Jabs B, Merschdorf U, Beckmann H, Becker G. Echogenicity of substantia nigra determined by transcranial ultrasound correlates with severity of parkinsonian symptoms induced by neuroleptic therapy. Biol Psychiatry. 2001;50:463–467
  20. Berg D, Siefker C, Becker G. Echogenicity of the substantia nigra in Parkinson’s disease and its relation to clinical findings. J Neurol. 2001;8:684–689
  21. Berg D, Roggendorf W, Schroder U, et al. Echogenicity of the substantia nigra: Association with increased iron content and marker for susceptibility to nigrostriatal injury. Arch Neurol. 2002;59:999–1005
  22. Berg D, Merz B, Reiners K, Naumann M, Becker G. Five-year follow-up study of hyperechogenicity of the substantia nigra in Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord. 2005;20:383–385
  23. Berland LL, Bryan CR, Sekar BC, Moss CN. Sonographic examination of the adult brain. J Clin Ultrasound. 1988;16:337–345
  24. Dexter DT, Jenner P, Schapira AHV, Marsden CD. Alterations in levels of iron, ferritin, and other trace metals in neurodegenerative diseases affecting the basal ganglia. Ann Neurol. 1992;32(Suppl):S94–S100
  25. Double KL, Gerlach M, Youdim MB, Riederer P. Impaired iron homeostasis in Parkinson’s disease. J Neural Transm. 2000;60(Suppl):37–58
  26. Durr A, Stevanin G, Cancel G, et al. Spinocerebellar ataxia 3 and Machado-Joseph disease: Clinical, molecular, and neuropathological features. Ann Neurol. 1996;39:490–499
  27. Fearnley JM, Lees AJ. Ageing and Parkinson’s disease: Substantia nigra regional selectivity. Brain. 1991;114:2283–2301
  28. Felletschin B, Bauer P, Walter U, et al. Screening for mutations of the ferritin light and heavy genes in Parkinson’s disease patients with hyperechogenicity of the substantia nigra. Neurosci Lett. 2003;352:53–56
  29. Furuhata H. New evolution of transcranial tomography (TCT) and transcranial color Doppler tomography (TCDT). Neurosonology. 1989;1:8–15
  30. Hilditch-Maguire P, Trettel F, Passani LA, et al. Huntingtin: An iron-regulated protein essential for normal nuclear and perinuclear organelles. Hum Mol Genet. 2000;9:2789–2797
  31. Hochstrasser H, Bauer P, Walter U, et al. Ceruloplasmin gene variations and substantia nigra hyperechogenicity in Parkinson disease. Neurology. 2004;63:1912–1917
  32. Iova A, Garmashov A, Androuchtchenko N, et al. Postnatal decrease in substantia nigra echogenicity (Implications for the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease). J Neurol. 2004;251:1451–1454
  33. Jabs BE, Berg D, Merschdorf U, Bartsch AJ, Pfuhlmann B. Differences in substantia nigra echogenicity of nosological subtypes within the schizophrenic spectrum (A preliminary transcranial ultrasound study). Neuropsychobiology. 2001;44:183–186
  34. Kamphuisen HA, Somer JC, Oosterbaan WA. Two-dimensional echoencephalography with electronic sector scanning (Clinical experiences with a new method). J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1972;35:912–918
  35. Kivi A, Trottenberg T, Kupsch A, et al. Levodopa-responsive posttraumatic parkinsonism is not associated with changes of echogenicity of the substantia nigra. Mov Disord. 2005;20:258–260
  36. Kruse N, Berg D, Francis MJ, et al. Reduction of Menkes mRNA and copper in leukocytes of patients with primary adult-onset dystonia. Ann Neurol. 2001;49:405–408
  37. Naumann M, Becker G, Toyka KV, Supprian T, Reiners K. Lenticular nucleus lesion in idiopathic dystonia detected by transcranial sonography. Neurology. 1996;47:1284–1290
  38. Niehaus L, Savyer N, Weber U, et al. Brain parenchyma sonography in patients with essential tremor and Parkinson′s disease. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2004;17(Suppl 4):3
  39. Postert T, Lack B, Kuhn W, et al. Basal ganglia alterations and brain atrophy in Huntington’s disease depicted by transcranial real time sonography. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1999;67:457–462
  40. Postert T, Eyding J, Berg D, et al. Transcranial sonography in spinocerebellar ataxia type 3. J Neural Transm. 2004;68(Suppl):123–133
  41. Puls I, Berg D, Maurer M, et al. Transcranial sonography of the brain parenchyma: comparison of B-mode imaging and tissue harmonic imaging. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2000;26:189–194
  42. Ruprecht-Dorfler P, Berg D, Tucha O, et al. Echogenicity of the substantia nigra in relatives of patients with sporadic Parkinson’s disease. NeuroImage. 2003;18:416–422
  43. Seidel G, Kaps M, Gerriets T, Hutzelmann A. Evaluation of the ventricular system in adults by transcranial duplex sonography. J Neuroimaging. 1995;5:105–108
  44. Sommer U, Hummel T, Cormann K, et al. Detection of presymptomatic Parkinson’s disease: Combining smell tests, transcranial sonography, and SPECT. Mov Disord. 2004;19:1196–1202
  45. Walter U, Wittstock M, Benecke R, Dressler D. Substantia nigra echogenicity is normal in non-extrapyramidal cerebral disorders but increased in Parkinson’s disease. J Neural Transm. 2002;109:191–196
  46. Walter U, Niehaus L, Probst T, et al. Brain parenchyma sonography discriminates Parkinson’s disease and atypical parkinsonian syndromes. Neurology. 2003;60:74–77
  47. Walter U, Dressler D, Wolters A, et al. Sonographic discrimination of corticobasal degeneration vs progressive supranuclear palsy. Neurology. 2004;63:504–509
  48. Walter U, Klein C, Hilker R, et al. Brain parenchyma sonography detects preclinical parkinsonism. Mov Disord. 2004;19:1445–1449
  49. Walter U, Krolikowski K, Tarnacka B, et al. Sonographic detection of basal ganglia abnormalities in asymptomatic and symptomatic Wilson disease. Neurology. 2005;64:1726–1732

PII: S0301-5629(06)01749-2

doi: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2006.07.021

Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology
Volume 33, Issue 1 , Pages 15-25 , January 2007

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution