Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology
Volume 28, Issue 4 , Pages 495-506 , April 2002

An in vitro system for Doppler ultrasound flow studies in the stenosed carotid artery bifurcation

  • Tamie L. Poepping

      Affiliations

    • The John P. Robarts Research Institute, London, ON, Canada
    • Department of Medical Biophysics The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
  • ,
  • N. Nikolov

      Affiliations

    • The John P. Robarts Research Institute, London, ON, Canada
  • ,
  • N. Rankin

      Affiliations

    • Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
  • ,
  • Mark Lee

      Affiliations

    • The John P. Robarts Research Institute, London, ON, Canada
  • ,
  • David W. Holdsworth

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationAddress correspondence to: D. W. Holdsworth, Imaging Research Laboratories, The John P. Robarts Research Institute, P.O. Box 5015, 100 Perth Drive, London, Ontario N6A 5K8 Canada
    • The John P. Robarts Research Institute, London, ON, Canada
    • Department of Medical Biophysics The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
    • Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada

Received 28 August 2001 ,Accepted 9 January 2002.

References 

  1. Allard L, Cloutier G, Durand LG. Doppler velocity ratio measurements evaluated in a phantom model of multiple arterial disease. Ultrasound Med Biol. 1995;21:471–480
  2. Astrahan MA. Hyperthermia phantom. Med Phys. 1979;6:72
  3. Bain DJ, Fergie N, Quin RO, Greene M. Role of arteriography in the selection of patients for carotid endarterectomy. Br J Surg. 1998;85:768–770
  4. Barnett HJ, Gunton RW, Eliasziw M, et al.  Causes and severity of ischemic stroke in patients with internal carotid artery stenosis. JAMA. 2000;283:1429–1436
  5. Barnett HJ, Taylor DW, Eliasziw M, et al.  North Am Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial Collaborators   Benefit of carotid endarterectomy in patients with symptomatic moderate or severe stenosis. N Engl J Med. 1998;339:1415–1425
  6. Bascom PA, Cobbold RS, Routh HF, Johnston KW. On the Doppler signal from a steady flow asymmetrical stenosis model (Effects of turbulence). Ultrasound Med Biol. 1993;19:197–210
  7. Bascom PA, Johnston KW, Cobbold RS, Ojha M. Relation of the flow field distal to a moderate stenosis to the Doppler power. Ultrasound Med Biol. 1997;23:25–39
  8. Blechinger JC, Madsen EL, Frank GR. Tissue-mimicking gelatin-agar gels for use in magnetic resonance imaging phantoms. Med Phys. 1988;15:629–636
  9. Bogren HG, Buonocore MH, Gu WZ. Carotid and vertebral artery blood flow in left- and right-handed healthy subjects measured with MR velocity mapping. J Magn Reson Imaging. 1994;4:37–42
  10. Bornstein NM, Norris JW. Evolution and management of asymptomatic carotid stenosis. Cerebrovasc Brain Metab Rev. 1993;5:301–313
  11. Brown PM, Johnston KW, Kassam M, Cobbold RS. A critical study of ultrasound Doppler spectral analysis for detecting carotid disease. Ultrasound Med Biol. 1982;8:515–523
  12. Burlew MM, Madsen EL, Zagzebski JA, Banjavic RA, Sum SW. A new ultrasound tissue-equivalent material. Radiology. 1980;134:517–520
  13. Casty M, Giddens DP. 25 + 1 channel pulsed ultrasound Doppler velocity meter for quantitative flow measurements and turbulence analysis. Ultrasound Med Biol. 1984;10:161–172
  14. Cloutier G, Allard L, Durand LG. Characterization of blood flow turbulence with pulsed-wave and power Doppler ultrasound imaging. J Biomech Eng. 1996;118:318–325
  15. D’Alessio T. “Objective” algorithm for maximum frequency estimation in Doppler spectral analysers. Med Biol Eng Comput. 1985;23:63–68
  16. Demolis PD, Asmar RG, Levy BI, Safar ME. Non-invasive evaluation of the conduit function and the buffering function of large arteries in man. Clin Physiol. 1991;11:553–564
  17. European Carotid Surgery Trialists’ Collaborative Group . Randomised trial of endarterectomy for recently symptomatic carotid stenosis (Final results of the MRC European Carotid Surgery Trial (ECST)). Lancet. 1998;351:1379–1387
  18. Evans DH, McDicken WN. Doppler ultrasound (Physics, instrumentation, and clinical applications). Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 2000;
  19. Fahrig R, Fox AJ, Lownie S, Holdsworth DW. Use of a C-arm system to generate true three-dimensional computed rotational angiograms (Preliminary in vitro and in vivo results). Am J Neuroradiol. 1997;18:1507–1514
  20. Fei DY, Billian C, Rittgers SE. Flow dynamics in a stenosed carotid bifurcation model-Part I (Basic velocity measurements). Ultrasound Med Biol. 1988;14:21–31
  21. Fisher CM. Occlusion of the internal carotid artery. Arch Neurol Psychiat. 1951;69:346–377
  22. Fox AJ. How to measure carotid stenosis. Radiology. 1993;186:316–318
  23. Frayne R, Holdsworth DW, Gowman LM, et al.  Computer-controlled flow simulator for MR flow studies. J Magn Reson Imaging. 1992;2:605–612
  24. Gach HM, Lowe IJ. Characterization of flow emerging from a stenosis using MRI. Magn Reson Med. 1998;40:559–570
  25. Hansen F, Mangell P, Sonesson B, Lanne T. Diameter and compliance in the human common carotid artery-variations with age and sex. Ultrasound Med Biol. 1995;21:1–9
  26. Hinze JO. Turbulence. An introduction to its mechanism and theory. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1959;
  27. Hoeks APG, Reneman RS, Peronneau PA. A multi-gated pulsed Doppler system with serial data processing. IEEE Trans Sonics Ultrason. 1982;SU-28:242–247
  28. Hoeks APG, Ruissen CJ, Hick P, Reneman RS. Methods to evaluate the sample volume of pulsed Doppler systems. Ultrasound Med Biol. 1984;10:427–434
  29. Holdsworth DW, Norley CJ, Frayne R, Steinman DA, Rutt BK. Characterization of common carotid artery blood-flow waveforms in normal human subjects. Physiol Meas. 1999;20:219–240
  30. Holdsworth DW, Rickey DW, Drangova M, Miller DJ, Fenster A. Computer-controlled positive displacement pump for physiological flow simulation. Med Biol Eng Comput. 1991;29:565–570
  31. Johnson MB, Wilkinson ID, Wattam J, Venables GS, Griffiths PD. Comparison of Doppler ultrasound, magnetic resonance angiographic techniques and catheter angiography in evaluation of carotid stenosis. Clin Radiol. 2000;55:912–920
  32. Kalman PG, Johnston KW, Zuech P, Kassam M, Poots K. In vitro comparison of alternative methods for quantifying the severity of Doppler spectral broadening for the diagnosis of carotid arterial occlusive disease. Ultrasound Med Biol. 1985;11:435–440
  33. Krause H, Segard M, Carey P, Bernstein EF, Fronek A. Doppler power frequency spectrum analysis in the diagnosis of carotid artery disease. Stroke. 1984;15:351–358
  34. Law YF, Bascom PA, Johnston KW, Vaitkus P, Cobbold RS. Experimental study of the effects of pulsed Doppler sample volume size and position on the Doppler spectrum. Ultrasonics. 1991;29:404–410
  35. Lubbers J. Application of a new blood-mimicking fluid in a flow Doppler test object. Eur J Ultrasound. 1999;9:267–276
  36. Madsen EL. Ultrasonically soft tissue mimicking materials and phantoms. In:  Greenleaf JF editors. Tissue characterization with ultrasound. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 1986;p. 165–181
  37. Marasek K, Nowicki A. Comparison of the performance of three maximum Doppler frequency estimators coupled with different spectral estimation methods. Ultrasound Med Biol. 1994;20:629–638
  38. Mikkonen RH, Kreula JM, Virkkunen PJ. Peak systolic velocity, resistance index and pulsatility index. Variations in measuring a pre-recorded videotape. Acta Radiol. 1997;38:598–602
  39. Mo LY, Yun LC, Cobbold RS. Comparison of four digital maximum frequency estimators for Doppler ultrasound. Ultrasound Med Biol. 1988;14:355–363
  40. NASCET Collaborators . Beneficial effect of carotid endarterectomy in symptomatic patients with high-grade carotid stenosis. N Engl J Med. 1991;325:445–453
  41. Nerem RM. Vascular fluid mechanics, the arterial wall, and atherosclerosis. J Biomech Eng. 1992;114:274–282
  42. New G, Roubin GS, Oetgen ME, et al.  Validity of duplex ultrasound as a diagnostic modality for internal carotid artery disease. Catheterization Cardiovasc Intervent. 2001;52:9–15
  43. Qureshi AI, Suri MF, Ali Z, et al.  Role of conventional angiography in evaluation of patients with carotid artery stenosis demonstrated by Doppler ultrasound in general practice. Stroke. 2001;32:2287–2291
  44. Ramnarine KV, Anderson T, Hoskins PR. Construction and geometric stability of physiological flow rate wall-less stenosis phantoms. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2001;27:245–250
  45. Ramnarine KV, Nassiri DK, Hoskins PR, Lubbers J. Validation of a new blood-mimicking fluid for use in Doppler flow test objects. Ultrasound Med Biol. 1998;24:451–459
  46. Rickey DW, Picot PA, Christopher DA, Fenster A. A wall-less vessel phantom for Doppler ultrasound studies. Ultrasound Med Biol. 1995;21:1163–1176
  47. Rittgers SE, Thornhill BM, Barnes RW. Quantitative analysis of carotid artery Doppler spectral waveforms (Diagnostic value of parameters). Ultrasound Med Biol. 1983;9:255–264
  48. Routh HF, Powrie CW, Peterson RB. Continuous display of peak and mean blood flow velocities. USA Patent No. 5287753, issued Feb 22. Bothell, WA: Advanced Technology Laboratories, Inc; 1994;
  49. Ryan LK, Foster FS. Tissue equivalent vessel phantoms for intravascular ultrasound. Ultrasound Med Biol. 1997;23:261–273
  50. Schoning M, Walter J, Scheel P. Estimation of cerebral blood flow through color duplex sonography of the carotid and vertebral arteries in healthy adults. Stroke. 1994;25:17–22
  51. Sigel B, Gibson RJ, Amatneek KV, et al.  A Doppler ultrasound method for distinguishing laminar from turbulent flow. A preliminary report. J Surg Res. 1970;10:221–224
  52. Smith RF, Rutt BK, Fox AJ, Rankin RN, Holdsworth DW. Geometric characterization of stenosed human carotid arteries. Acad Radiol. 1996;3:898–911
  53. Smith RF, Rutt BK, Holdsworth DW. Anthropomorphic carotid bifurcation phantom for MRI applications. J Magn Reson Imaging. 1999;10:533–544
  54. Spencer MP, Reid JM. Quantitation of carotid stenosis with continuous-wave (C-W) Doppler ultrasound. Stroke. 1979;10:326–330
  55. Stein PD, Sabbah HN. Measured turbulence and its effect on thrombus formation. Circ Res. 1974;35:608–614
  56. Steinman AH, Tavakkoli J, Myers JG, Cobbold RS, Johnston KW. Sources of error in maximum velocity estimation using linear phased-array Doppler systems with steady flow. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2001;27:655–664
  57. Steinman DA, Poepping TL, Tambasco M, Rankin RN, Holdsworth DW. Flow patterns at the stenosed carotid bifurcation (Effect of concentric versus eccentric stenosis). Ann Biomed Eng. 2000;28:415–423
  58. Teirlinck CJ, Bezemer RA, Kollmann C, et al.  Development of an example flow test object and comparison of five of these test objects, constructed in various laboratories. Ultrasonics. 1998;36:653–660
  59. Tortoli P, Guidi G, Berti P, Guidi F, Righi D. An FFT-based flow profiler for high-resolution in vivo investigations. Ultrasound Med Biol. 1997;23:899–910
  60. Vattyam HM, Shu MC, Rittgers SE. Quantification of Doppler color flow images from a stenosed carotid artery model. Ultrasound Med Biol. 1992;18:195–203
  61. Walburn FJ, Sabbah HN, Stein PD. An experimental evaluation of the use of an ensemble average for the calculation of turbulence in pulsatile flow. Ann Biomed Eng. 1983;11:385–399

PII: S0301-5629(02)00479-9

Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology
Volume 28, Issue 4 , Pages 495-506 , April 2002