Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology
Volume 28, Issue 1 , Pages 49-57 , January 2002

Power M-mode Doppler (PMD) for observing cerebral blood flow and tracking emboli

  • Mark A Moehring

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationAddress correspondence to: Mark Moehring, PhD, Spencer Technologies, 701 16th Avenue, Seattle, WA 98122 USA
    • Spencer Technologies, Seattle, WA, USA
  • ,
  • Merrill P Spencer

      Affiliations

    • Spencer Vascular Laboratories, Seattle, WA, USA

Received 13 July 2001 ,Accepted 3 October 2001.

References 

  1. Ackerstaff RGA, Babikian VL, Georgiadis D, et al.  Basic identification criteria of Doppler microembolic signals. Stroke. 1995;26:1123
  2. Ackerstaff RGA, Moons KGM, van de Vlasakker CJW, et al.  Association of intraoperative transcranial Doppler monitoring variables with stroke from carotid endarterectomy. Stroke. 2000;31:1817–1823
  3. Cullinane M, Reid G, Dittrich R, et al.  Evaluation of new online automated embolic signal detection algorithm, including comparison with panel of international experts. Stroke. 2000;31:1335–1341
  4. Eyer MK, Brandestini MA, Phillips DJ, Baker DW. Color digital echo/Doppler image presentation. Ultrasound Med Biol. 1981;7:21–31
  5. Ishii M, Eto G, Tei C, et al.  “Tail sign” associated with microembolic signals. Stroke. 1999;30:863–866
  6. Kasai C, Namekawa K, Koyano A, Omoto R. Real-time two-dimensional blood flow imaging using an autocorrelation technique. IEEE Trans Sonics Ultrason. 1985;SU-32:458–464
  7. Moehring MA. Microembolus tracking with power M-mode transcranial Doppler ultrasound and simultaneous single gate spectrogram. (Abstr.) Cerebrovasc Dis. 2000;10(Suppl. 1):2
  8. Moehring MA. Axial lengths of power M-mode microembolus (ME) tracks are proportional to sample volume size. (Abstr.) Cerebrovasc Dis. 2001;11(Suppl. 3):4
  9. Moehring MA, Klepper JR. Pulse Doppler ultrasound detection, characterization and size estimation of emboli in flowing blood. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 1994;41(1):35–44
  10. Nabavi DG, Georgiadis D, Mumme T, Zunker P, Ringelstein EB. Detection of microembolic signals in patients with middle cerebral artery stenosis by means of a bigate probe. A pilot study. Stroke. 1996;27:1347–1349
  11. Omoto R, Yokote Y, Takamoto S, et al.  The development of real-time two-dimensional Doppler echocardiography and its clinical significance in acquired valvular diseases. Jpn Heart J. 1984;25:325–340
  12. Padayachee TS, Parsons S, Theobold R. The detection of microemboli in the middle cerebral artery during cardiopulmonary bypass (A transcranial Doppler ultrasound investigation using membrane and bubble oxygenation). Ann Thorac Surg. 1987;44:298–302
  13. International Consensus Group on Microembolus Detection Ringelstein EB, Droste DW, Babikian VL, et al.  Consensus on microembolus detection by TCD. Stroke. 1998;29:725–729
  14. Spencer MP. Detection of cerebral arterial emboli. In:  Newell DA,  Aaslid R editor. Transcranial Doppler. New York, NY: Raven Press; 1992;p. 212–230
  15. Spencer MP. Transcranial Doppler monitoring and causes of stroke from carotid endarterectomy. Stroke. 1997;28:685–691
  16. Spencer MP, Thomas GI, Nicholls SC, Sauvage LR. Detection of middle cerebral artery emboli during carotid endarterectomy using transcranial Doppler ultrasonography. Stroke. 1990;21:415–423

PII: S0301-5629(01)00486-0

Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology
Volume 28, Issue 1 , Pages 49-57 , January 2002